希腊罗马
Homer <Iliad> <Odyssey> Author of epics
Sappho Lyric poet
三大悲剧家：
Aeschylus <Prometheus bound> <Persians> <Agamemnon> Tragic dramatist
Sophocles <Oedipus the King> <Electra> <Antigone> Tragic dramatist
Euripides <Medea> <Trojan Women> <Andromache> Tragic dramatist
喜剧家：
Aristophanes <Frogs><Clouds><Wasps><Birds> Comedy writer
历史学家：
Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history
Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse
the greatest historian that have ever lived
哲学和科学：
Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics
Heracleitue Fire is the primary element
Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method
Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
<Dialogues>
Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made
concrete individual realities <Ethics><Politics> <Poetics and Rhetoric>
Euclid <Elements> a textbook of geometry
Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the
weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move
the World”
Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno
(the Stoics)
4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged
1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反击Moslems，开始了Crusades
Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)写了Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is God’s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ’s Plenipotentiary
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular
Roger Bacon and Experimental Science <Opus Maius> one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observation
Dante(但丁) <The Divine Comedy> 神曲one of the landmarks of world literature
Chaucer <Canterbury Tales> first modern poet in English literature
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice
Boccaccio <Decameron> the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪
Petrarch <Canzoniers> Sonnet, father of modern poetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家：
Giotto <Flight into Egypt><Betrayal of Judas> forerunner of renaissance
Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective
Donatello <David> one of the first artists engaged in anatomy
Giorgione <Sleeping Venus> made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：
Da Vinci <Last Supper> <Mona Lisa>
Michelangelo <David><Sistine Chapel><Dying Slave><Moses>
Raphael Known for his <Madonna(Virgin Mary)>
Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World
Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382
Jan Hus Czech Religious leader
John Calvin <Institutes of the Christian Religion> 基督教教义one of the most influential theological works Calvinism
Rabelais <Cargantua and Pantagruel> 拉伯雷<巨人传> french writer
Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人<Sonnets Pour Helene> 法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne <Essays> 蒙田 散文集French Writer
Cervantes <Don Quixote> father of modern European novel spain
Thomas More <Utopia> British writer
Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父
Vesalius <Fabrica> marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy (解剖学) founder of modern medicine
Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy
Machiavelli Father of political science
Vosari <Lives of the Artists>
1492, Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope
5. 17世纪
Copernicus <The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs> 天体运行论Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine
Kepler Kepler’s Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德 国the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
Galileo <Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)>意大利acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律
Newton <Mathematical Priciples of Natural Philosophy>英国
Leibniz <New Essays Concerning Human Understanding> Distinguishes three levels of understanding: self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious (潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
Milton Areopagitica，<Paradise lost> English revolution
Bacon <The Advancement of Learning> <Essays> Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes <Leviathan>利维坦Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke <Treatises of Civil Government> 政治论Materialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton
Cromwell the man of action
John Milton the man of thought <Paradise Lost><Paradise Regained> <Agonistes> <Areopagiltica> 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer
Descartes 笛卡尔<Rules for the Direction of the Mind><Discourse on Method> Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France
Corneille 高乃依<Le Cid>熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突
Racine <Andromaque><Phaedra> the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere <Tartuffe>达尔杜夫<Misanthrope>愤世嫉俗<L’Avare>吝啬鬼the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies
很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英国最著名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral
6.启蒙运动the age of reason
18th century intellectual movement starting from France
the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation
Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes
18世纪两大著名运动：
The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.
<The Declaration of Independence> 独立宣言
The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792
<Declaration of the Rights of Man> 人权宣言
French Philosophy and Literature
Montesquieu <Persian Letters> <the Spirit of the laws>Separation of powers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire <Candide> most famous of his novels <Lettres Philosophiques>
Rousseau <the Social contract> <the confessions> <The Origin of Human Inequality> one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment
Diderot <Encyclopedie> <Elements of Physiology生理学><Philosophical Thoughts>
English Literature
Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体<Essay on Criticism>
Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England <Robinson Crusoe> 鲁滨逊漂流记
Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time <A modest Proposal> <Gulliver’ travels>
Henry Fielding Father of the English novel
<The history of Tom Jones><a foundling>
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel <Pamela>
Samuel Johnson editor of <A Dictionary of the English Language>
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊The Tatler 和The Spectator, Addison 和Steele经常在上面写文章
German Literature and Philosophy
Lessing <laocoon><Minna Von Barnhelm> German dramastist German classicism
Goethe <Faust> <the sorrows of young Werther><Wilhelm Meister’s
Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets
Schiller <The Robber><Cabal and love> <Wallenstein><Wilhelm Tell>
a founder of modern German literature
Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis <General
History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> <Critique of pure
reason><Critique of practical reason><Critique of Judgment>
The Musical Enlightenment
J. S. Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment
Handel 亨德尔 <Messiah> being his crowning masterpiece
Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best
The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820
Haydn <String Quartets><Symphonies> Classical period Viennese school
Mozart <Choral Music><Concertos><Operas><Symphonies>
Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music
7. 浪漫主义Romanticism
late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany
The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution
New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book <The Wealth of Nations>, which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.
Romanticism in Germany
The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism
Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism
It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress
The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck
Heine: <Book of Songs><Die Lorelei>海涅在1836年发表＜＜论浪漫派＞＞，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束
Romanticism in England
Blake: <Songs of Innocence><Songs of Experience><Preface to Milton>
The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge <Lyrical Ballads>
Byron: <Don Juan> is considered his masterpiece <Isles of Greece> the fact that the
poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed
an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny
Shelley <Ode to the West Wind> <Prometheus Unbound> noted for his lyrics
Keats <Ode to a Nightingale><Ode on a Grecian Urn>famous for his sonnets
Walter Scott <The Heart of Mid-lothian><Ivanhoe>
Romanticism in France
Chateaubriand :<Genius of Christianity><Atala><Rene>
Victor Hug 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的<Preface to
Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说
<Notre Dame de Paris> 巴黎圣母院 <Les Miserables>悲惨世界宣
扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day
George Sand:<Indiana>法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家
Romanticism in Italy
Manzoni: <The Betrothed>约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人
民为主人公的小说
Leopardi: <To Sylvia> he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism
Romanticism in Russia
Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry
Pushkin: <Euslan and Liudmila><Boris Godunov>俄国浪漫主义先锋(van) a
Byronic character his masterpiece is <Eugene Onegin>创造了俄国文学中
的第一个“多余的人“的典型
Lermontov:<A hero of Our Time> draws a fine portrait of Pushkin
Romanticism in Poland
Adam Mickiewicz: <Ballads and Romances> beginning of Polish Romanticism
<Pan Tadeusz> is his masterpiece
Art and Architecture
Goya Spanish painter and etcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱<The Parasol><The
Execution of the Third of May><Family of Charles IV><Saturn Devouring his
Children>
David French Painter <The Death of Socrates><The Death of Marat>
Delacroix <The Massacre at Chios><Dante and Virgil> 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画
的最高成就
Gericault French painter<Raft of Madusa>
Turner English landscape painter
Constable English landscape painter
Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就
Music
早期浪漫主义音乐家：
Beethoven(贝多芬) German Composer <Symphony No. 6 (Pastoral> marked the
beginning of 19th century programme music
Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer
Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer
Schumann(舒曼) German composer
Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer
后期浪漫主义音乐家：
Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer
Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer
Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer
Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer
Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer
8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义 Marxism and Darwinism
The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism
German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy:
Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法
Feuerbach’s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论
Marxist Philosophy
Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论
Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论
English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy
Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics
Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class
Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory
Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism
Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer
Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher
Charles Fourier: French social philosopher
Darwinism
As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton.
Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution
Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者）
Lyell English geologist
Karl Marx
Darwin’s works and Theories:
On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
The Descent of Man
9. 现实主义Realism
arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France
Realism in France
Stendhal 司汤达 <the red and the black>红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成
熟的作品<the charterhouse of Parma>巴马修道院
Balzac巴尔扎克Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been
called the English Balzac <The human comedy> <Le Pere Goriot>
Flaubert 福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist
<Madame Bovary> 包法利夫人
Zora 左拉founder of the naturalist school
<Les Rouge-Macquart>鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史
Maupassant 莫伯桑<the necklace> <the piece of string>
Realism in Russia
Gogol果戈里<Dead Souls> the first master of fiction in Russia
Chickikov A character in <dead souls> Shame, and hypocrisy
Turgenev屠格涅夫the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West
<Hunter’s Sketches><Nest of Gentlefolk><Father and Son>
Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基<The house of death><Crime and Punishment>罪与罚
<The Brothers Karamazov> 卡拉马佐夫兄弟
Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰<War and Peace>战争与和平
<Anna Karenina>安娜卡列尼娜<Resurrection> 复活
Chekhov契诃夫<The Seagull>海欧 <Uncle Vanya>万尼亚舅舅<The Three
Sisters>三姐妹<The Cherry Orchard> 樱桃园
Realism in Northern Europe
Ibsen <A doll’s house> a plea for the emancipation of woman
His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama
Strindberg <The Son of a Servant><A Fool’s Defence><Alone> The above three are
his autobiographical works His first play is <Master Olaf>
Realism in England
This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重
Charles Dickens <David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔 <Bleak House>荒凉山庄
<Hard Times>艰难时世 其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节
与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合
George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) <Middlemarch> is regarded by some
critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century <The Mill on the Floss>
Thackeray萨克雷<Vanity Fair>名利场 他的写作范围多局限于上流社会
Thomas Hardy <Far from the Madding Crowd><The Return of the Native><The
Mayor of Casterbridge><Tess of the d’Urberyvilles><Jude the Obscure>
Bernard Shaw萧伯纳won the Nobel Prize in 1925 <Heartbreak House>
<St. Joan><Man and Superman><The Doctor’s Dilemma>
<The Apple Cart><Major Barbara><Pygmalion>
Realism in the United States
Harriet Beecher Stowe: <Uncle Tom’s Cabin>greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes
Walt Whitman: <Leaves of Grass><When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d>
Considered to be the greatest of all American poets
Mark Twain: <The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>哈克贝里芬历险记 a
masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been
considered the first modern American novel <The Gilded Age>镀金岁
月<The Adventures of Tom Sawyer><The Prince and the Pauper>
Henry James 出身世家，所以关注上层人物the master beyond all masters
<The Portrait of a Lady>贵妇人画像
Art
Courbet库尔贝French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则
<The Stonebreakers>石工<Burial at Ornans>奥尔南的葬礼
Millet米勒French artist “农民画家”<The Sower>播种者<The Gleaner>拾穗者
Impressionism in Art印象派艺术
Manet <The Luncheon on the Grass>草地上的午餐
<Foliers Bergers>福列斯贝热尔酒吧间
Monet <Impression: Sunrise>日出印象
Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派艺术
Paul Cezanne赛尚<The Boy in Red Vest> <Fruit Bowl><Glass and Apples>
Van Gogh 凡高<Starry Night><Sunflower><The Night Café> dutch painter
Paul Gauguin 高更<La Orana Maria><Vision after the Sermon> French painter
10. 现代主义及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends
also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century
Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century:
Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays 伦琴 德国物理学家发明X射线
Becquerel: the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔 法国物
理学家 放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质
Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭
Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英国放射化学家 同位素
Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福 英国物理学家发现原子核
Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity
Contemporary Western Literature
Eliot <The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock><Four Quartets><The Waste Land>
Conrad <Lord Jim> polish novelist
Woolf <Mrs. Dalloway><To the Lighthouse><The Mark on the Wall>
English novelist
Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction
<Lady Chatterley’s Lover><Sons and Lovers><The Rainbow><Women in
Love> <The Lost Girl>
Yeats <Responsibilities><The Tower><The Winding Stair> Irish writer
Joyce <Ulysses><Finnegans Wake><Dubliners><A Portrait of an Artist as a Young
Man> Irish writer
Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement <Cantos> American poet
Faulkner <The Sound and the Fury><As I Lay Dying>
Hemingway <The Sun Also Rises><A Farewell to Arms><For Whom the Bell
Tolls><The Old Man and the Sea>
Thomas Mann <The Buddenbrooks><The Magic Mountain>
The most influential and representative German author of his time
Gide <The Counterfeiters> French writer
Proust <Remembrance of Things Past> French novelist
Albert Camus <The Stranger> French novelist
Gorky<Mother><Childhood><My Apprenticeship><My University>
The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century
Sholokhov <The Quiet Don> soviet author
Literature and Philosophy Since 1945
Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年
Amis <Lucky Jim>
Osborne <Look Back in Anger>
Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代
Ginsberg <Howl>
Kerouac <On the Road>
Nouveau Roman (New Novel) 法国新小说派
Robber-Griller <Erasers><La Jalousie><Last Year at Marienbad>
Sarraute <Portrait of a Man Unknown>
The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派
Beckett <Waiting for Godot>Irish writer
Ionesco <The Bald Prima Donna> French writer
Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派
Heller <Catch-22)
